Analyses of Aristotle (Jaakko Hintikka Selected Papers Book 6) 2004th Edition by Jaakko Hintikka (PDF)

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Aristotle thought of his logic and methodology as applications of the Socratic questioning method. In particular, logic was originally a study of answers necessitated by earlier answers. For Aristotle, thought-experiments were real experiments in the sense that by realizing forms in one’s mind, one can read off their properties and interrelations. Treating forms as independent entities, knowable one by one, committed Aristotle to his mode of syllogistic explanation. He did not think of existence, predication and identity as separate senses of estin. Aristotle thus serves as an example of a thinker who did not rely on the distinction between the allegedly different Fregean senses, thereby shedding new light on our own conceptual presuppositions. This collection comprises several striking interpretations that Jaakko Hintikka has put forward over the years, constituting a challenge not only to Aristotelian scholars and historians of ideas, but to everyone interested in logic, epistemology or metaphysics and in their history.

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⭐Chapter 7 of this book is a reprinting of the author’s 1980 paper “Aristotelian Induction”, which contains his now classic interpretation of Aristotle’s conception of induction, one of the keys to a general understanding of Aristotle’s theory of knowledge. In 1982 it was reviewed by J. Corcoran in MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS(82m:00016). The review follows.Hintikka, JaakkoAristotelian induction.Rev. Internat. Philos. 34 (1980), no. 3-4, 422–439.The author considers the question of how Aristotle explains knowledge of axioms, i.e., basic premises of axiomatic science. “Induction” is the conventional translation of Aristotle’s term “epagogé” indicating a process through which knowledge of the truth of axioms is drawn from experience. Thus, it has no special relation to mathematical induction, the number-theoretic principle. The fact that Aristotle traced all knowledge of axioms to experience is already clear and well known to scholars despite contrary information persistently appearing in popularizations.It is true, however, as pointed out in this paper, that Aristotle gave apparently conflicting accounts of how induction functions and also that some of Aristotle’s remarks about axioms may seem to conflict with his view that knowledge of them is based on experience. This paper proposes to solve these problems through a plausible premise, perhaps original with the author, to the effect that Aristotle’s induction involves a combination of empirical examination of examples with conceptual analysis of exemplified notions.

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