Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences by Galileo Galilei (PDF)

Description

This is the last, and perhaps most important, work by the man Einstein called “the father of modern science.” Confined to house arrest in the final years of his life after his heresy trial, Galileo Galilei composed his “Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences” in 1638 as a sort of magnum opus to a life devoted to scientific experimentation. The book outlines his investigations into physics and astronomy, and includes such topics as the law of free fall, the science of mechanics, the essential nature of matter, the acceleration of falling bodies, the principles of local motion, and the force of percussion. Published without a license from the Roman Inquisition, the work was an entirely uncensored compilation of theories and experiments 30 years in the making. It remains today as one of the most important books in the study of physics, as well as the history of science itself.

User’s Reviews

Reviews from Amazon users which were colected at the time this book was published on the website:

⭐There actually is confusion over this title. For one, this is not the work where Galileo (1564-1642) defends Copernicus (Heliocentrism) where the sun is the center of the universe or the solar system. That work is called “Dialogues Concerning Two Chief World Systems” (1632).This work, “Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences” (1638), is about Galileo’s experiments in bodies and motion.The publisher is not wrong at all in calling this work the given title of “..Two New Sciences”. If anything it is Galileo’s and his original Publisher’s fault for naming both works in such a similar fashion: “Dialogues Concerning Two…..” The biggest difference is in the last words of the title.For those concerned with Copernican/Aristarchus of Samos vs Aristotle/Ptolemaic debates (sun vs earth as the center of the universe/solar system) for which Galileo is known for please read

⭐. Its a good work, though Galileo did mock the Aristotle/Ptolemaic model by using a simpleton named “Simplicio” who was mathematically ignorant to represent Ptolemy’s intensive and rigorous mathematical geocentric model. Of course there was no decisive evidence for heliocentrism in the time of Galileo so he should have been more careful. This also is what caused tensions between him and his supporter, Pope Urban VIII who had felt ridiculed because Galileo had put the Pope’s views in the mouth of Simplicio. For the details on the Galileo affair, one can see

⭐which shows the consensus view among historians of science on this.For those interested in Galileo’s physics of bodies and motion and the book which he said, “contain results which I consider the most important of all my studies” then “Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences” is the correct one.For a general sample of many of Galileo’s works and related documents from his “controversy” from those who did the trial on Galileo, please read:

⭐. Look also at Galileo’s

⭐for his observation on the surface of the moon from his telescope.A few similarities between both books by Galileo with similar titles have laid confusion to some of these reviewers:1. as was mentioned, both begin with similar titles: “Dialogues Concerning Two…..”2. Both have the same picture of 3 men speaking3. There are 4 days of dialogues in both books4. The same three characters are found in both books: Salviati, Sagredo, SimplicioThese similarities between both books are what makes them so hard to distinguish for anyone who has not read either one of these works. So confusion and disappointment are expected. I too got confused until I got copies of both assuming they were both the same. I wanted a better copy of “Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences” and bought “Dialogues Concerning Two Chief World Systems” since it was cheaper (by very little). I read the Copernican heliocentric arguments that are only found in “Dialogues Concerning Two Chief World Systems” and noticed that “Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences” was different and did not focus Copernicus at all, but instead focused on motions and bodies.Hopefully this post clarifies and saves people from buying the wrong book. In any case, I say get both books since “Dialogues Concerning Two Chief World Systems” IS notable and important (but not revolutionary since defending Copernicus was not done in an empirical fashion and the astronomical data matched better with the Ptolemy’s Geocentric model at that time). “Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences” gives insight to the mind and experiments of Galileo along with his debates on the nature of bodies and varieties of motion.For those interested in some the works Galileo discusses in “Dialogues Concerning Two Chief World Systems” please look at Ptolemy’s

⭐, Copernicus’

⭐, and Aristarchus of Samos’

⭐(he is called an ancient Copernicus by some).In terms of “On the Revolutions”, Copernicus himself dedicated the work to the Pope in the Preface. In this work, he models two different ideas: 1) the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the universe and 2) the earth rotates on its axis. Furthermore, Copernicus’ ideas were not novel since he was aware of Aristarchus of Samos’ heliocentric model and also other heliocentrists and earth axial rotationists like the Pythagoreans Herakleides and Ekphantus, and also Hicetas the Syracusean. He mentions them in the text. Numerous arguments had been laid out for doubting that the earth rotates in previous centuries, mainly empirical arguments.A good review of the geocentric-heliocentirc debates is

⭐. The situation was not obvious and both models had their merits and problems. Of course the Ptolemaic and Copernican models weren’t the only contest either. Tycho Brahe, a contemporary, had made a “geo-heliocentric” model from his observations which spliced both Ptolemy and Copernicus in an interesting way (both the earth and sun were essentially at the center of the universe). At the time there was no conclusive evidence to decide for or against any of the 3 models. The direct evidences that supported heliocenrtrism came about century or more after Galileo had lived (1564-1642): James Bradley (1725-1729) – stellar aberration of light (implied that the earth rotated on its axis as it orbited around the sun) and Friedrich Bessel (1838) – stellar parallax (the apparent shift of position of any nearby star against the background of distant stars).

⭐This is the book that was the beginning of modern scientific method.Build or assemble the equipment needed to perform tests of yourideas, perform your experiments and publish the results to shareyour ideas with others. The is not a work of fiction but in the 21stcentury it is surprisingly readable. The first real steps of enlighten-ment were the replacement of Roman-numerals by Fibonacci andGalileo’s invention of experimentation to develop knowledge as areplacement for blind and unquestioning belief. Unfortunately forGalileo not everyone was thrilled with his new and modern ideasand he wrote this as a prisoner near the end of a fascinating lifetime.I keep a copy of this book at my bed-side for when I awaken in themiddle of the night. It relaxes my mind and brings pleasant dreams.

⭐Galileo’s “Dialogue Concerning Two New Sciences” covers the basics of what is today called classical mechanics. His main topics are the cohesion and strength of materials, uniform and uniformly accelerated motion, and projectile motion. But I also appreciate Galileo’s tangents: his thoughts about infinity, the speed of light, vibrations, music, and his bouncing up against the concepts of Calculus and what would be known as Newton’s Laws of Motion. The “dialogue” style works well at first, but as the book progresses he nearly abandons this as apparently unworkable, and just gives proof after proof, many of which are awkward and difficult to follow (though part of my pleasure in reading it is solving those proofs that Galileo leaves out). Galileo is clearly a genius — he doesn’t get everything right, but given what he had to go on it is amazing what he was able to figure out. This book should be read by every serious student and teacher of Physics and Engineering.

⭐Outstanding seller! Item arrived promptly and exactly as described! Thank you!

⭐Absolutely incredible work by one of the greatest geniuses!

⭐This is an excellent book, but I don’t think it’s quite what the publisher thought it was. The previous reviewer is right in saying that this book does not support Copernicus’ heliocentricism in any way. It is a discussion of motion, not astronomy. I would agree with the previous review in saying that the publishers probably meant to publish Dialogues Concerning Two Chief World Systems, which does in fact discuss heliocentricism and support Copernicus. How one manages to publish the wrong book I have no idea. Did no one read this before they published it? And how on earth did Stephen Hawking not notice either and write about the wrong book?Well, it’s a good book anyway, just not what they say it is. I recommend reading it if you want to understand the developments of science (esp. motion and mechanics), but if you want to learn about the Copernican Revolution and Galileo’s conflict with the church, then the book you are looking for is Dialogues Concerning Two Chief World Systems. I would also recomment Galileo’s Daughter as an amazing biography of Galileo based around a correspondence between him and his daughter.Overall grade: A for the book, F for the publisher’s description.

⭐I had heard about this work by Galileo for years but never bothered to read it, which is a pity because the translation is wonderfully transparent and clear and the illustrations memorable and easy to understand. In fact I was reading an essay by Stephen Jay Gould on the relative sizes of animals and the square cubed law which limits their size and form and one of these illustrations was used by him to show that Galileo got there first. It was this illustration of bones that prompted me to get this book…Considering it was written while he was under House Arrest by Order of the Roman Inquisition and the manuscript had to be smuggled to Holland and printed there it is even more remarkable.I am a kitemaker and the square cubed law comes into a lot of what I do – imposing strict limitations on the upper limits of size for spared kites as surely as it does on mammals and birds.Most modern textbooks on engineering are so mathematically complex I get lost around page 5 so it is refreshing to read an old work written in a form that seems as natural as speech.

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