The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field by Jacques Hadamard (PDF)

Description

Thoughtful and articulate study of the origin of ideas. Role of the unconscious in invention; the medium of ideas — do they come to mind in words? in pictures? in mathematical terms? Much more. “It is essential for the mathematician, and the layman will find it good reading.” — Library Journal.

User’s Reviews

Reviews from Amazon users which were colected at the time this book was published on the website:

⭐I found in this book important information on the power of the unconscious mind in the creation of new mathematics.The author Jacques Hadamard’s experience of suddenly getting a solution at the moment of waking from sleep and his testimony to the effectiveness of abandoning a problem and the resuming it later on aligns with my experience (on modest problems).The inclusion of Henri Poincare’s account of the sudden mathematical insight relating to fuchsian functions (that occurred to him just as he stepped on a bus) was evidence of the unconscious at work.The book in effect discusses the four stages of thought (after Helmholtz and Poincare) of: Preparation (conscious work setting up the problem and trying to solve it); incubation (no conscious work on the problem) ; illumination (the fruits of incubation where an insight is received) and finally verification (consciously testing and verifying the insight).The style of writing is a little hard to read but the contents repay the effort.

⭐The shortest and best way between two truths of the real domain often passes through the imaginary one.~ Jacques HadamardAn interesting read.

⭐It just talks about how great minds thought about their own thinking process and also about how the author thinks about psychology of invention. It does not help people like me who like to figure out how to become more creative and think more like a mathematician. The title of the book is misleading. It is even more misleading to note that this book is a very popular one. I do not understand why though.

⭐This is a short (136 page) study of how creative thought works. Hadamard, a world-class mathematician best known for his proof of the prime number theorem in 1896, wrote this in the 40’s, basing it on correspondence with many of the great living mathematicians of his time. The actual questions he posed are preserved in an appendix.Most of his respondents were mathematicians (and he limited his correspondence to the best minds in the field), but he did get information from several other fields, and cites data about physicists (a letter from Einstein forms another appendix), chemists, physiologists, metaphysicians, and so on. What he is trying to examine is a slippery subject, perhaps best explained by a quote. Here is a discussion of Sidgwick, an economist: “His reasonings on economic questions were almost always accompanied by images, and the images were often curiously arbitrary and sometimes almost undecipherably symbolic. For example, it took him a long time to discover that an odd symbolic image which accompanied the word ‘value’ was a faint, partial image of a man putting something on a scale.”Hadamard gives his own mental images that accompany his following through the steps of Euclid’s famous proof of the infinitude of primes. I won’t reproduce that here for space reasons, but the contrast with Sidgwick’s–and with other reports of mental activity–is fascinating. Many other examples are given, from Mozart to Polya to Galton to Poincare. Hadamard makes it clear that language and thought are not the same thing, contrary to a commonly expressed view among linguists. He cites Max Muller’s comments equating thought and language, and acknowledges that for Muller it may be so, but convincingly demonstrates, by quoting numerous other mathematicians, that it is not true for everyone. The further conclusion, that the process of creative thought, while following similar patterns in similar discipline, can vary dramatically, is as far as Hadamard can go with the data he has.One other note: this book was retitled “The Mathematician’s Mind” and republished in the Princeton Science Library series; it’s not immediately clear from the Amazon page that this is so. The Dover edition is substantially cheaper.A fascinating and informative book.

⭐The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field is a study on how research mathematicians go about the business of advancing their field. Jacques Hadamard, a prominent mathematician, wrote this psychology text over 50 years ago, after having done his best work 50 years prior. Although in some ways dated, both in content and in writing style, the book provides an interesting examination of the role of the conscious and subconscious in solving a problem, particularly the process of incubation and (seemingly) sudden inspiration. He brings up the roles intuition and logic play in the way various mathematicians go about their business. Hadamard also examines the influence of aesthetics in not just choosing a problem, but in solving it. He studies the choice of research direction, with the interesting comment that Hadamard himself avoided areas of research where there was already a great deal of activity.The book is short enough that if the subject interests you, it is worth your time.The text is also published under the title “The Mathematician’s Mind.”

⭐Not only is this book fascinating, it’s the only one of it’s kind. The book has also proved very useful to me in life. As a graduate student I used Poincaré’s implicit `advice’ (described in the book) in the following way. In electrodynamics we had a long problem sheet to hand in every two weeks. I started by writing down answers to all problems that I knew. Then, I thought about the next-easiest problem each day walking twice to and from the University (about 1 1/2 hours altogether). When the answer came I wrote it down and iterated the process. Before the end of two weeks most of the problems (from Jackson) had been solved. Poincari’s advice is very good about giving the unconscious a chance to work. Phooey and double phooey on the silly, uncreative skinner-box types and other behaviorists who don’t recognize the unconscious as the source of creativity!

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