India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy by Ramachandra Guha (PDF)

Description

From one of the subcontinent’s most important and controversial writers comes this definitive history of post-Partition India, published on the 60th anniversary of IndependenceTold in lucid and beautiful prose, the story of India’s wild ride toward and since Independence is a riveting one. Taking full advantage of the dramatic details of the protests and conflicts that helped shape the nation, politically, socially, and economically, Guha writes of the factors and processes that have kept the country together, and kept it democratic, defying the numerous prophets of doom.Moving between history and biography, this story provides fresh insights into the lives and public careers of those legendary and long-serving Prime Ministers, Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter, Indira Gandhi. Guha includes vivid sketches of the major “provincial” leaders, but also writes with feeling and sensitivity about lesser-known Indians—peasants, tribals, women, workers, and Untouchables.Massively researched and elegantly written, this is the work of a major scholar at the height of his powers, a brilliant and definitive history of what is possibly the most important, occasionally the most exasperating, and certainly the most interesting country in the world.

User’s Reviews

Editorial Reviews: Review Guha sees India as well on its way to finding its rightful place in the sun — Christian Science Monitor From the Back Cover Amagisterial account of the pains, the struggles, the humiliations, and the glories of the world’s largest and least likely democracy, Ramachandra Guha’s India After Gandhi is a breathtaking chronicle of the brutal conflicts that have rocked a giant nation and the extraordinary factors that have held it together. An intricately researched and elegantly written epic history peopled with larger-than-life characters, it is the work of a major scholar at the peak of his abilities. About the Author Ramachandra Guha has taught at the University of Oslo, Stanford, Yale, and the Indian Institute of Science. His books and essays have been translated into more than twenty languages, and his prizes include the UK Cricket Society’s Literary Award and the Leopold-Hidy Prize of the American Society of Environmental History. Read more

Reviews from Amazon users which were colected at the time this book was published on the website:

⭐This is a very well-researched book with all the necessary footnotes, so discerning readers can assess original sources.It’s evident Ram Guha has spent many years researching M.K. Gandhi and the Congress party’s role in the freedom struggle. As such, the narrative is completely focused on the upper caste (mostly North Indian) Hindu elites led by Gandhi.To Guha’s credit he records (in his other book on Gandhi) significant engagements of Gandhi with B.R. Ambedkar. Some discussion of the AFTERMATH of their confrontation would be useful.What would Gandhi and friends do to the OBCs, the Dalits, Adivasis without Ambedkar’s tireless activism for minority rights? What would Gandhi have thought about the reformist Constitution of India and the Hindu Code Bill?Gandhi was a stubborn Hindu reactionary with bizarre theological justifications for whatever he thought was the right course for the entire nation. Is Gandhi compatible with the idea of modern India as Ambedkar is? These questions remain unanswered.

⭐I love his work on “Gandhi before India” and this is his second installment but on Indian democracy (read – not on Gandhi, his forte).Guha attempts to answer very important questions on why democracy survives in India while there have been multiple coupes in Pakistan, tragic civil wars in Sri Lanka and unsuccesful attempts to keep democracy intact after independence in Nepal/Burma/African countries and some intresting discussions on social fault lines on US which dont exists in India (Hispanic vs White/others).Reading this book and others (e.g. Nehru: The Invention Of India – Shashi Tharoor) I am now able to appreciate the monumental task which lied ahead of triumvirate of Indian Independence struggle (read again .. no Gandhi here) of integrating ~545 princely states into one nation, setting up IAS/ICS to conduct first free and fair elections (1951) and finally writing a truly secular and inclusive Constitution for protecting lowest strata of indian society (ScheduleTribes/Castes) at that time. The arguments, discussions went in during that constituent assembly are also well documented in this book with good rationale.He has put good arguments to convince you that the triumvirate (- Nehru, Patel & Ambedkar) lived long enough after India’s independence to finish the most important tasks while other countries it didnt happened so democracy perished.This books highlights the struggle a newly born nation had to go through to modernize not only in economic sense (5 year plan for agriculture/industry) but also bringing in revolutionary bills in parliaments (Hindu Marriage Act) to keep pushing society for equal rights for every citizen. Good data and references are present in this book which ends up making this book a bulky one but worth it.Book also goes into details on the usual hot buttons in political history – rise and fall of Indira Gandhi, all wars with neighbours (Pakistan/China), pogroms (1984, 2002), Kashmir problem, Babri Majid demolition, Mandal Commision and even economic liberation steps taken by politicians in 1990s. Perhaps most enjoyable parts of the book will be the commentary observed on most important politicians during that time because these action/reactions by most important people in power provides you a window into the thought process in their head which you otherwise never observe in noisy newpaper headlines :)This book actually tells you why a single language/culture/religion is not *the* only way a modern nation can survive ! The western concept of *mono* language/religion as the most essential ingredient for the survival of a nation theory is debunked successfully here.Indian democracy is a case study, and its thriving despite its flaws and this book will provide you with one 🙂

⭐These are the kind of history books I most like to read: broad overviews of vast stretches of history, written in an accessible yet scholarly and well-researched manner. Guha points out in the intro that historians have traditionally focused more on the colonial period than on recent Indian history, as if that period was more interesting. He makes a good case for recent Indian history’s importance and drama, telling a tale of religious upheaval, political turmoil, a few insurgencies, idealistic heroes, cynical scoundrels, social change, some horrible riots, economic growth, wars with Pakistan and China, and a few interesting figures with multiple sides to their personalities (namely, Indira Gandhi and her son Sanjay).Although it’s a huge, long book, Guha rarely conveys the impression that he’s dwelling for too long on any particular topic. I did think he gives the Nehru era a little more coverage considering its duration, but considering that this is when the foundation of modern India was laid, it’s justifiable. He also devotes two whole chapters to the Jayaprakash Narayan movement and the ensuing Emergency, but since this was a dramatic time when India’s future as a democracy was imperiled, it’s also understandable. He does a weird thing for the last volume and focuses on the last two decades thematically rather than chronologically; I’m not sure why. This has its ups and downs; although we can follow certain themes more clearly when they’re not cluttered with other issues, it also sacrifices that ‘timeline’ feel that’s so important to history books, and we sadly lose the political narrative. He never discusses the prime ministers during this period except in other contexts, for instance. I would’ve liked a little examination of A.B. Vajpayee. Finally, I appreciate the chapter about pop culture in the end. Pop culture is as important to defining a nation’s character as anything else and has a great deal of impact on ordinary people, but historians, fixated on politics and society, usually overlook it.My complaints are minor. Guha is Indian, so unsurprisingly he is somewhat biased at times. His main thesis, which opens and ends the book, is that India doesn’t get enough credit from foreigners for its triumphs. True, he makes a good argument, but you could also argue that it doesn’t get enough criticism from locals considering its many, many problems. (When your main defence is essentially, “Hey, at least we haven’t fallen apart”… you’ve got issues.) His coverage of the Indo-Pakistani conflict is (subtly) biased towards India. Pakistan is always shown in a negative light. Also, he is very nostalgic, and always full of praise for Nehru and his cohorts, against whom modern politicians are nothing but a bunch of scumbags.These complaints aside, this is still a fascinating, informative read, which covers pretty much all the bases and strikes the right scholarly-but-not-boring tone. I recommend it to anyone with any kind of interest in India.

⭐The writer is a Congress sympathizer which made this book very biased better to opt for foreign authors who wrote the whole facts instead of cherry picking the facts to their favour, so yeah don’t waste your valuable time with this 900 page long book as there are better unbiased and neutral books on Amazon

⭐If telling a story is an art, Ramachandra Guha Sir is an indispensible master of it. Through is writing he has yet again proved that ‘ Simplicity is the best form of Sophistication’.Although it’s a huge novel of around 800 pages, but once you sit with it you get so engrossed that you just can’t leave it in between. Maybe it’s not the best book if you are preparing for any competitive exam but otherwise it is certainly a book every Indian must read -wonderfully and deeply researched consolidated form of post independent history of India.”No Other Book” comes even close in describing the events of 70 years journey of Independent India and how it has shaped our present. It’s not just about the political history but talks about real meaning of democracy to a common man , freedom of speech, ethnicity, communalism, federalism , culture and other similar aspects.This is the most authentic source to know about the actual facts for any lay man instead of reading the manipulated history told by politicians via speeches and social networking platforms.It is a book that will transform you from semi-literates to literates as far as post independent history is concerned. And only semi-literates can be manipulated by the discourses established with an agenda and not based on facts.

⭐The Indian history taught in schools has been biased, irrelevant and incomplete. For the children, the history ends with partition and independence. After this period, the history seems to be devoid of contents. The events after that may appear in popular cinema and television but Indian history book never formally covers it, at school. In order to glorify India’s past; there have been mixed myths and half-truths. For e.g., it can be United Nations declaring India’s national anthem as world’s best or India’s victory over China in 1962 war. There have been many such instances, including bizarre achievements of ancient Indians. There are many reasons why Indian students finds history so boring. I am always on the lookout for an authentic account of Indian history. This book attempts to narrate and analyze major characters, controversies, themes and processes of independent India. The West had lovingly devalued India’s attempt for democracy. The doomsayers had predicted a disastrous India with death of every prime minister. Many went to the extent of calling India as a dystopia, which anytime could be replaced by a military rule. Whatever be the earlier debate on forlorn democracy, the fact remains that after seven decades of independence, India still is a single nation driven by democracy. Let us pick up few subjects randomly from the book and discuss. After the newfound independence, partition, communal riots and refugee issues already crippled India. To add to the woes, the integration of five hundred princely states posed a major challenge to the new government. The shape and powers of the princely states were due to the British. The British considered these princely states as strategic allies. However, in real sense the British were the lord. As per the Indian Independence Act of 1947, each of the princely state rulers had the option to either accede to the newly born nation of India or Pakistan, or continue as independent sovereign states. After decades of exploitation, the departure of the British provided them with an excellent opportunity to declare autonomy. One of the first prince, who voluntarily choose to align with India, was Maharaja of Bikaner. He then appealed to dozen of more states to join and many Rajput princes listened to him. In fact, they realized that forces of nationalism were irresistible and compromising is the sensible thing to do. However, there were stiff resistance from some of the princely states. On this regard, we are well aware of the much-documented issue of Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh. Apart from this, Travancore was the first state which questioned Congress right to succeed the British as paramount power. They wanted to remain independent. Bhopal had a Muslim ruler and a large Hindu population. The ruler was more close to Muslim League than the Congress. Jodhpur was a curious case which had a both Hindu ruler and a large Hindu population. Still the ruler thought that if he joins Pakistan, he is going to get better deals. The nation owes its gratitude to Sardar Vallabhai Patel for his vision, tactfulness and pragmatic approach. V.P.Menon, who was constitutional advisor to Lord Mountbatten, ably assisted him. They had used both force and friendly advice to achieve their objective. It was a tireless effort on their part to cajole princes.Two of the biggest stalwarts of the Indian politics were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhai Patel. They had unquestionable integrity and were fiercely patriotic. They had their own vision of setting things right in independent India and leading her to a bright future. The similarity ends here. There was stark differences in their character, personality, ideology and outlook. While Nehru was an upper caste Brahmin, Patel hailed from farming caste. Nehru loved good foods and wine, appreciated fine art and literature and had travelled widely abroad. Patel on the other hand was a teetotaler and a vegetarian, who was a hard taskmaster with little time to engage in anything else. There was a deep-rooted differences and it is only after Gandhi’s death that they reconciled and kept aside their difference for the nation. Still the differences surfaced after that though, in a mute tone. Nehru believed in state control of the economy while Patel was friendly to the capitalist. The chasm between them became more public during their support for different candidates as Congress President. Still Patel would advise his supporters to listen to Nehru because he felt destruction of their party meant destruction of India. Nehru on the other hand felt that Patel was an unmatched warrior in the cause of freedom and a great servant of the people.After the death of Patel, the days of two power centers within the party cease to exist. Nehru had a free hand and there was not much resistance to him in the party. After becoming the first Indian Prime Minister, he was re-elected in 1952, 1957 and 1962. Back in 1952, outside the party, he faced huge ideological challenges primarily from two parties- Jana Sangh and Socialists. Later the party were in disarray because their charismatic leader S.P. Mookherjee had died and J.P. Narayan abandoned politics for social services. In the next elections thereafter, the Congress was unchallenged. He tried to create a classless society with equal opportunity for all. He also implemented plans to build roads, dams and power plants. He was more appealed to the Soviet economic system. He thought that state ownership and state planning were more efficient as compared to private property and market economy. In his book- “Glimpses of World History”, he had admired Soviet five-year plan. His foreign policies were based on non-alignment to the power blocks. However, there was big question mark on India’s foreign policies after Soviet invasion of Hungary. The west alleged that he can condemn them but preferred to remain silent during this invasion. His attempt to improve relationship with China failed miserably. The Indo-Chinese war exposed India’s weakness and unpreparedness in defending its northern border. India’s self-esteem and prestige suffered and it was a severe loss of face for Nehru in the international arena and undermined his superior position at home. Indira Gandhi is considered as one of the strongest Prime Minister India ever had. She was known for cold assessment and shrewd timing. She not only faced stiff resistance from opposition but from her own party as well. After becoming the Prime Minister, her political career coincided with breakdown of parent Congress party, Indo-Pak war, Emergency, first non-Congress government at the Centre and finally Operation Blue Star and its painful consequence; a very eventful and controversial period. Despite being the Prime Minister, she was not strong enough to defy the organization and yet sensible enough not to quit. She proposed nationalization of banks and relieved known opponent of nationalization- Moraji Desai of the Finance Ministry. She issued an ordinance announcing that State had taken over fourteen privately owned banks. A bank was not only supposed to disburse loans to big business houses but to farmers and artisans as well. Next she turned her attention towards abolition of privileges given to the princes. After their state merger with the Union, the princes were given a constitutional guarantee that they could retain their titles, palaces and assets and get and annual privy purse. The constitutional guarantee stands null and void. She was gaining confidence and was becoming increasingly assertive. The schism in the Congress party became evident during election of new President of India. She asked her party men to vote for Independent candidate- V.V Giri instead of Congress official candidate- Sanjiva Reddy, which most of them did. The Congress President Nijalingappa accused Indira Gandhi of promoting a cult of personality over her party and the nation. She was expelled for indiscipline. There were now two factions of the Congress- Congress(O) and Congress( R); the latter was later renamed as Congress(I). After her landslide victory in 1971 elections, Indira’s Congress was confirmed as the real Congress, requiring no qualifying suffix. In 1971 only, India tasted its first military victory over any nation. This victory over Pakistan allowed Indians to savour smell of military success after a humiliating defeat at the hands of China. Indira Gandhi stake and standing increased both in India as well as in international arena. She moved away from Nehru and Shastri incremental and continuous approach. She has the knack of fighting to finish, even bringing eighty-four-year party to rupture.In 1974, there was a student led movement in Gujarat that demanded fall of Congress led State government, which was notorious for corruption. These inspired students in Bihar to lead a similar movement in their own State where corruption was rife and there was deep discontent and feeling of chagrined in the countryside. The different bellicose student wings created a united front called as Chatra Sangarsh Samiti(CSS). Campus life came to a halt. The students burnt down government offices, buildings and warehouses. There were frequent clashes with police. CSS approached revered Jaya Prakash Narayan better known as JP. He realized that he could no longer remain a silent spectator to misgovernment, corruption, black marketing and hoarding. He decided to join but on two conditions. Firstly, it should be non-violent and secondly it should not be restricted to Bihar. Since JP was a man of high moral authority and hero of freedom struggle, his entry gave the movement a big boost. The movement name changed from “Bihar movement” to “JP movement”. JP called for a total revolution to redeem unfulfilled promises of the freedom movement. The support for struggle was widespread and people came in hoards to support the movement. The grand success unnerved Indira Gandhi government to such an extent that she pushed Emergency on the unsuspecting nation. Now who was responsible for such a chaos. Still there is a debate and there are two school of thoughts. Both had shown little faith in representative institutions and ignored role of state in a modern democracy. Some believe that JP ideas were untested and unconvincing. He led a movement without a cadre of disciplined and non-violent volunteers. Moreover, its credibility was questioned due to the presence of extremists from both left and right. Indira Gandhi overreacted by imposing emergency thereby creating fear in the minds of the people. Her decisions made state functionaries dependent on the whim and fancies of a single person.The first elections post emergency resulted in humiliating defeat of the Congress. Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi lost too. The first non-Congress party government was at the Centre. However, the Janata Party had not fought the elections under a single leader and after the election victory there were three contenders for the top post. There was hectic campaigning on the behalf of three candidates. First there was Moraji Desai who almost twice became Prime Minister after the death of Nehru and Shastri. The supporters of Charan Singh felt that their sweep in the North made him the right choice. Jagjivan Ram supporter argued that his defection from the Congress has been a decisive factor. Finally, JP and J.B Kriplani settled on Moraji Desai. The differences were an insinuation that there are trouble times ahead. After few years, Charan Singh was not contended being the number two in the cabinet. His differences with Moraji Desai started emerging. Charan Singh was sacked from the Cabinet. After few months he organized a massive farmer rally which around two lacs people attended. The show of strength compelled Moraji Desai to induct him back into the cabinet. Finally, the inevitable split in Janata Party happened and Moraji Desai lost majority and resigned. Charan Singh strike an alliance with his old nemesis Indira Gandhi to became the new Prime Minister. However, the Congress withdraw its support after few months. Indira Gandhi had the last laugh. She was in inertia and had to do nothing to engineer a split in Janata Party. The regime learnt a hard lesson that promises are like lollipops and performance like a dose of bitter medicine. The party came to power after a movement directed towards second freedom from authoritarian rule and restoration of democracy. However, from the beginning itself, party was determined to let go this goodwill. The opportunity was squandered. The party leaders were more interested in positions and perquisites. Once a political analyst commented on the three-year rule as chronicle of confused and complex party squabbles, intra-party rivalries, shifting alliances defections, charges and counter-charges of incompetence.The account on scams, Anna Hazare movement, fall of Congress and rise and rise of BJP makes an interesting reading. You name any itsy-bitsy events in modern Indian history, it finds a mention in the book. This is a scholarly work from a master author. It is 800 pages book and you need a series of marathon reading session to complete it. It’s engaging too. It does causes a reading fatigue once you complete but every second spend on the book is worth reading. The subjects touched upon in review is only a fraction. It’s just like taking a mug of water out from a sea. It’s a wealth of information. If you think you know it all about modern Indian history then read this book to do a reality check. Otherwise simply read it to brush up your knowledge to see how much you know about your nation.

⭐Best book for indian history after independence..Ram chandra Guha is a refined intellectual and writer, thank you for such a book.everyone must Read this book

⭐As someone who was born and raised in India and still has close family ties with India and also having more than a casual interest in Indian politics this book was like Christmas come early. It took me around 3 weeks to read it on my kindle and I couldn’t put it down for moment – sometimes hoping that the train gets stranded so I don’t have to stop reading.It will fill an Indian with pride to know that despite what might seem like politicians dragging the country through mud over past 3/4 decades, India for its scale of diversity and problems has managed to hold its democratic and constitutional values for the last 67 years and will hold its 16th general election in 2014! For that reason alone every Indian can take a moment give themselves a pat on the back.Guha does an incredible job of informing the reader the scale of the task that was ahead, on the day India got its independence and taking the reader through this journey, chronicling events that have shaped the present India. All the major incidents are covered insufficient detail and cross-referenced at every major juncture where the story (if you can call it that) takes a turn. A running feature of the book is the Kashmir issue and how it keeps erupting regularly like an active volcano. The tone is unbiased tone from the very offset and one does not get a whiff of the author’s political allegiances or opinions.It reinforces the feeling that the democratic and secular values that India is based on are relevant even today and therefore worth fighting for. So thank you, Guha. Just wished that I had discovered this book earlier.

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