The Biggest Bangs: The Mystery of Gamma-ray Bursts, the Most Violent Explosions in the Universe by Jonathan I. Katz (PDF)

Description

Gamma-ray bursts are the most violent events since the birth of the universe. They are about ten times more energetic than the most powerful supernovae. At their peak, gamma-ray bursts are the brightest objects in space, about 100,000 times brighter than an entire galaxy. And yet until recently these titanic eruptions were the most mysterious events in astronomy. In The Biggest Bangs, astrophysicist Jonathan Katz offers a fascinating account of the scientific quest to unravel the mystery of these incredible phenomena. With an eye for colorful detail and a talent for translating scientific jargon into plain English, Katz ranges from the accidental discovery of gamma-ray bursts (by a Cold War satellite system monitoring the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty) to the frustrating but ultimately successful efforts to localize these bursts in distant galaxies. He describes the theories, the equipment (the most recent breakthrough was made with a telescope you could carry under your arm), and the pioneers who have finally begun to explain these strange bursts. And along the way, he offers important lessons about science itself, arguing that “small science” is as valuable as institutionalized “big science,” that observations are more the product of advances in technology than of theory, and that theory is only “the concentrated essence of experiment.” With the advent of the space age a mere 40 years ago, we have grown used to strangeness in the universe–and confident in science’s ability to explain it. In The Biggest Bangs, Jonathan Katz shows that there are still wonders out there that exceed the bounds of our imagination and defy our ability to understand them.

User’s Reviews

Editorial Reviews: From Booklist A member of the exotic astrophysical zoo discovered in the 1960s, gamma-ray bursts were not as easily measured or explained as quasars and pulsars. Besides recounting the journey to our current understanding of these bursts–which are thought to be explosions from neutron stars either hitting each other or being dragged into a black hole–physicist Katz also elucidates the scientific thinking process. Gamma-ray bursts were a total mystery. They were discovered serendipitously by satellite instruments designed to detect nuclear explosions in space, and their direction was difficult to pinpoint. Katz tracks the improvement in instrumentation over the years, which aided scientists in understanding the astral phenomenon. A cogently clear presentation of a complex topic. Gilbert TaylorCopyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved Review “Delightful and informative, in a style reminiscent of Richard Rhodes. Katz combines history with physical insight to make the unfolding story of gamma ray bursts read like a novel. He shows forefront astrophysics being done by humans, in an illuminating way that only a true expert and insider could.” –Richard A. Muller, Professor of Physics at Berkeley, author of Ice Ages and their Astronomical Origins”A wonderful book for the intellectually curious of all ages: from high school to high table. Katz takes us through the history and the mystery of the biggest bangs of all, the gamma-ray bursts. He also manages to explain the essence of some of the other major puzzles in modern astronomy. All of this Katz accomplishes with a style that is simple and easy to read. Because he has such a mastery of the technical aspects of the subject, Katz is able to distill the main points of the argument into non-mathematical prose that is fun and informative. I would recommend this book highly to young people thinking of entering a career into science and to senior citizens seeking intellectual excitement, and everyone in between.” –John Bahcall, author of Neutrino Astrophysics”This unusual and stimulating book on Gamma Ray Bursts describes theory and observations in laymen’s language, mixed with history, science politics, controversy and personalities. Beyond the single topic of Gamma Ray Bursts it illustrates the chaotic way which science usually follows, by showing not only the successes but the many false starts which nevertheless help the process.” –Edwin E. Salpeter, J.G. White Distinguished Professor of Physical Sciences, Emeritus, Cornell University About the Author Jonathan Katz earned his Ph.D. at Cornell University at the age of twenty-two. A Professor of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis, he has worked on problems as diverse as X-ray stars, earthquakes, the fracture of glass, and gamma-ray bursts. Read more

Reviews from Amazon users which were colected at the time this book was published on the website:

⭐In this book, Dr. Katz (a professor of Physics) takes the reader on an educational and insightful trip into the history of research on the phenomena of Gamma-Ray Bursts … bursts of highly energetic photons with energies far in excess of standard X-Rays – sometimes hundreds (even thousands) of times more powerful.The journey of discovery goes all the way back to the early days of the Cold War, and fledgeling attempts to monitor international compliance to the nuclear test ban treaty … and from there into the early days of the space program … and on into the days of the Hubble Space Telescopes, the BATSE/GRO (Gamma Ray Observatory), HETE-2 (High-Energy Transient Explorer), and on into attempts to scatter GROs far and wide throughout the solar system, in order to use triangulation and parallax to pinpoint the location and distance of such bursts … with the holy grail being to someday localize such a burst quickly enough to focus a telescope on the origin, and settle the ongoing (and heated) debates concerning the nature (and distance) of their origin.The author does an excellent job of taking the reader along on a thrilling ride of discovery – not just of the phenomena at hand, but also on a lifecycle of the scientific method itself … from the early stages of gamma burst detection, through early theoretical explanations, through increasingly complex experiments attempting better measurements, through setbacks of funding and accidents during and after launch, to revised theories and debates in response, to still more ambitious experiments by forward thinking and innovative minds … and finally onward to the holy grail itself – timely photos of the afterglow of a super burst, and the long sought-after confirmation of the origin and nature of such bursts – a holy grail that, in this case, is found and described by the author in his closing chapterThe book is recommended, albeit with one minor stylistic nit … the author has this inexplicable aversion to using superlatives when he writes about his subject. This causes him, at times, to project an overly-cool detachment, when describing mind-bogglingly powerful phenomena (on the order to 10**54 ergs) … it left me feeling half-crazed at times, wishing I could shake him.Anyway, if you like populist {astro}physicists-turned-authors like Brian Greene, you’ll like Dr. Katz, and this book as well.

⭐In the late 1960s the U.S. military discovered gamma-ray bursts: intense bursts of radiation coming from random points in the sky. Over the next thirty years these bursts remained one of the most mysterious astrophysical phenomena. Very little was known about them. This changed in 1997 when Paul Vreeswijk discovered an optical flash at the location of one gamma-ray burst. This discovery made it possible to determine that gamma-ray bursts are at cosmological distances and involve energies that are usually only seen in exploding stars. Jonathan Katz gives the history of gamma-ray bursts and provides a clear explaination of how astronomers have come to understand what they are and how they work. Unfortunately most of the book is devoted to what happened before 1997. Only four of the seventeen chapters cover the time after the discovery of the optical flashes. This is unfortunate because it has been since 1997 that science has been able to understand gamma-ray bursts. The book would have been much better if it had treated the two eras equally instead of concentrating on the early history of the field. The book also suffers from a slighly biased view of who contributed what to our understanding of gamma-ray bursts. The field is competetive, and rival researchers often refuse to give credit where credit is due. It is unfortunate that Katz chooses to continue this trend in a popular work. Gamma-ray bursts are a hot topic in astronomy, and the story of their discovery is worth telling. However, “The Biggest Bangs” is not that story.

⭐Gamma-ray bursters were first detected in 1967, by satellites designed to verify complaince with rules against testing of nuclear weapons. This book traces the history of figuring out what produced the gamma-ray bursts and tells what we know about them.The first question was: were they near us or far from us? That got answered more than ten years ago: they’re far away. Besides the gamma-ray bursters, there were other objects, “soft gamma repeaters.” We learn how all these phenomena started to become associated with faraway neutron stars. The soft gamma repeaters were interpreted either as a release of magnetic energy by the neutron star or as the sudden accretion of matter by the neutron star. And the gamma-ray bursters were interpreted as the, um, collision of binary neutron stars. Actually, I think there is good evidence for some gamma-ray bursters being collapsars rather than merging binary neutron stars, and I wish there had been a better discussion of all this. In addition, I would have liked to see more about the difference between the shorter and longer gamma-ray bursts.In any case, we’re led to a couple of obvious questions: just how big are these bursts? And how much damage would one do if it occurred in our galaxy? Well, they can dish out up to 10 to the 52 ergs per second. And they do that for about a minute. For reference, our Sun puts out about 4 times 10 to the 33 ergs per second. So for a minute, the gamma-ray burster is more than 10 to the 18 times as luminous as the Sun. Over a hundred thousand times as luminous as the entire Milky Way galaxy! That’s scary. If a star 5 light years from us were to become a gamma-ray burster, the blast would hit us like an atom bomb going off less than 10 feet away. We’d be vaporized.Still, gamma-ray bursters are rather infrequent. We might do better if the burster were, say, 500 light years away. Still, that would pretty much set half the planet on fire, not a very pleasant prospect.Supernovae are about 10,000 times more frequent than gamma-ray bursters. But Katz explains that gamma-ray bursters may be more dangerous to us than supernovae. After all, we might well survive a supernova blast at a distance of 20 light years.The good news the author gives us is that we might be able to predict when a gamma-ray burst would occur. He speculates that we might even know the time to the minute (assuming the merging binary neutron star theory is correct and we can make use of it), and know it years in advance. If that burst were a thousand light years away, what would we do? Most of us would get to the side of the Earth away from the blast, and that would protect us. And a few brave firemen would water down half the planet and hide out underground, and then try to put out all the fires! I’ve no idea what we’d do about all the induced radioactivity. Sounds like a marvellous science fiction story.Anyway, I liked the book. I don’t know why there isn’t more popular interest in these fascinating gamma-ray bursts.

⭐I have to agree with a previous review, this book is so whiny of the lack of research in gamma-ray bursts that I forgot I was reading a science book.

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