Philosophy in the Modern World: A New History of Western Philosophy, Volume 4 1st Edition by Anthony Kenny (PDF)

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Here is the concluding volume of Sir Anthony Kenny’s monumental four-volume history of philosophy, the first major single-author narrative history to appear for several decades. Here Kenny tells the fascinating story of the development of philosophy in the modern world, from the early nineteenth century to the end of the millennium. Alongside (and intertwined with) extraordinary scientific advances, cultural changes, and political upheavals, the last two centuries have seen some of the most intriguing and original developments in philosophical thinking, which have transformed our understanding of ourselves and our world. In the first part of the book, Kenny offers a lively narrative introducing the major thinkers in their historical context. Among those we meet are the great figures of continental European philosophy, from Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche to Heidegger, Sartre, and Derrida; the Pragmatists such as C.S. Pierce and William James, who first developed a distinctively American philosophical tradition; Marx, Darwin, and Freud, the non-philosophers whose influence on philosophy was immense; and Wittgenstein and Russell, friends andcolleagues who set the agenda for analytic philosophy in the twentieth century. Kenny then proceeds to guide the reader lucidly through the nine main areas of philosophical work in the period, offering a serious engagement with ideas and arguments about logic, language, epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, politics, and the existence of God. Graced with many beautiful illustrations, Philosophy in the Modern World concludes Kenny’s stimulating history of the intellectual development of Western civilization, allowing readers to trace the birth and growth of philosophy from antiquity to the present day.

User’s Reviews

Editorial Reviews: Review “Review from previous edition An enviable combination of authority and page-turning readability.” ―Anthony Freeman, THES”Both scholarly and accessible… a fine choice not only for those with a background in philosophy but for those new to the subject.” ―Library Journal USA About the Author Sir Anthony Kenny is one of Britain’s most distinguished academic figures. He has been Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, Master of Balliol College, Chairman of the Board of the British Library, and President of the British Academy. He has published more than forty books on philosophy and history.

Reviews from Amazon users which were colected at the time this book was published on the website:

⭐I rate this book with 5 stars because: Kenny writes well; he is a master of what he is writing about; the book is remarkably comprehensive, with startlingly good reviews of Quine and others that are brief and insightful. I write as someone who has done “history of philosophy” for over 50 years, have read and enjoyed many such summary books, (beginning with B.A.G. Fuller more than 50 years ago) and seek “enlightenment” wherever it may be found. This is a well-written summary of philosophy in the 20th century, a book with some shortcomings, but with the authority of Anthony Kenny, who has read and written widely, and consistently comments perceptively. If you want a great, easy to read summary of philosophy in the 20th century, this would be a good choice!

⭐A very valuable guide to modern philosophy. Some curious omissions: no Foucault, no Habermas, a dismissive review of Derrida, but otherwise a very constructive overview of modern philosophical developments and an excellent structure that allows tracking of development of different ideas and philosophical approaches.

⭐I’m never a fan of analytic philosophy. This contains a pretty good account of that area of philosophy, as well as other modern comments.

⭐No problems

⭐A good read; valuable for a newcomer to the discipline, or for anyone who is looking for a compact summary. Author’s opinions at times overstated without full justification.

⭐I WANT TO SEE THE TABLE CONTENTS OF AMAZON BOOKS!!!

⭐This is another volume in Anthony Kenny’s comprehensive set of books covering philosophy from its beginning to the present. The two volumes that I have read state that they are written for understanding at the undergraduate level but warn that the material itself may at times be inherently difficult. I found this to be an accurate statement as most of the material is challenging but sufficiently accessible to grasp. There are, however, big bumps on the road when the reader hits certain material, like logic, for example. The series is organized with the initial chapters covering groups of philosophers, Bentham to Nietzsche for example, with the second set of chapter covering philosophical subjects, like metaphysics, philosophy of mind and ethics. Interestingly, Kenny’s presentation of Heidegger’s philosophy is the clearest that I have read, but he stunned me when he concluded by labeling it right-wing existentialism. I know that Heidegger joined the Nazi party and cooperated in expelling his Jewish mentor from the university to then take over his post, but his philosophy had nothing political in it. Quite a bizarre thing. The other area where I sometimes find philosophers lacking is in their understanding or exposition of religious doctrines and teachings. For example, Kenny errs twice: first in claiming that theologians believe sin is sexually derived, and second in distorting the teaching of papal infallibility. Not sure why this type of error seems to be a constant. Nevertheless this book is more than worthwhile in getting a challenging yet rewarding encounter with the most notable philosophers from the modern period and their thought.

⭐`Philosophy in the Modern World’ is the fourth of four volumes in Anthony Kenny’s `A New History of Western Philosophy’ recently published by Oxford University Press. For those unfamiliar with the author, Kenny is a leading contemporary scholar that has previously written noteworthy texts on Aquinas, Descartes, and Wittgenstein amongst others.The series is the best single-author overview of Western philosophy of which I am familiar, more readable than Copleston and more even-handed than Russell. Kenny is a talented writer with an impressive knowledge of the Western tradition, able to tell the story of philosophy is an integrated and insightful manner. As is becoming popular in introductory texts Kenny blends a chronological and subject matter approach, over viewing the period chronologically in the first third of the book then looking at specific subjects in more detail in the latter part (e.g. ethics, epistemology, metaphysics). This would seem to be a helpful approach to the newcomer; providing some important historic context before delving into specific material in detail.Assessment of introductory books such as this are often colored not only by the author’s writing ability and knowledge but also by their focus. This latter point is particularly important as one approaches the present day – it is difficult to judge which thinkers and notions will ultimately have the greatest significance. That said, I found myself to be generally in agreement with Kenny’s choices; heavy doses of Wittgenstein, Mill, Frege, and Russell with some Darwin and Freud thrown in to round out the intellectual milieu. I also agreed with his decision to minimize Quine and largely pass over Davidson. My only criticism in this regard would be his coverage of Schopenhauer – while not unimportant he strikes me as the poor man’s Buddhist and given the intellectual giants in this period discussion of his views could have been reduced.While I feel Kenny’s work deserves a wide audience I am uncertain if it will readily find one. Those with sufficient background to follow the discussion may pass on the book, while those unacquainted with philosophy may find that the text moves too fast and somewhat opaque. And, finally, from a physical perspective the paper is glossy making it difficult to read it certain lightening conditions (reflection).Overall, this is a good work and a strong series by an excellent philosopher

⭐Kenny has completed a comprehensive final book in his series and should be applauded for his ability to illuminate some of the finest philosophers.I think he treated all the philosophers with respect without intellectual snobbery, Schopenhauer comes to mind.I appreciated the tone throughout – that is ‘philosophy’ is always unending and the spirit of enquiry continues …….,

⭐Kenny is one of the best living English philosophers. This is the last in a four-volume series on his history of Western philosophy. It’s his own idiosyncratic take on developments since the 19th century, effortlessly spanning the divide between analytic and continental philosophy since Bentham.

⭐I was really looking forward to this, but the presentation is so dense and messy that I gave up about 25% though. Though it might be more light-hearted I am eagerly awaiting Gottliebs followup for the Dream of Reason instead.

⭐Review of Anthony Kenny’s Philosophy in the Modern World, which is Vol. 4 of his A New History of Western Philosophy.I sum up the impression left on me by the majority of the philosophers who appear in this book, with a quote from St Augustine:”Bene cucurristis sed extra viam”,which I translate/interpret as”you (plural) have run well and had a lot of fun, but the only trouble is, you weren’t doing your running on the racetrack in the stadium at all”.In other words, the overwhelming impression is one of misdirected effort, demolishing or ignoring or simply being unaware of the existence of the `real’ philosophy of the previous centuries up to the sixteenth century, and re-inventing, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries, a study which was still called philosophy, but now wrongly so, for in fact it was emptied of the most meaningful emphases of `real’ immemorial philosophy.Kenny says of his 4-volume series: “The first two volumes [up to the Renaissance] began the thematic section with a chapter on logic and language, but there was no such chapter in volume III because logic went into hibernation at the Renaissance. In the period covered by the present [4th] volume formal logic and the philosophy of language occupied such a central position that each topic deserves a chapter to itself” (p. xiii). Although I read through the whole of Kenny’s 4th volume, what sticks in my mind especially is the influence of the two `English’ philosophers of the period, Ludwig Wittgenstein and A J Ayer (both depending on Bertrand Russell?), for whom philosophy largely degenerated into the elimination of `metaphysics’ and the playing of `language-games’ – not useless games in the eyes of these philosophers, but useless nonsense as far as the common man is concerned. As I comment in my review of Fergus Kerr’s book, Theology after Wittgenstein, “philosophy has abandoned concern with ultimate reality, and concentrates on linguistic games”.I take the liberty of introducing Stephen Hawking into this discussion of modern philosophy for the same reason that Kenny introduces Darwin into his book, as being essential to understand modern `philosophy’, which is now so coloured by the science-religion debate. My reference to Hawking is based on his 2010 book (with Leonard Mlodinow) The Grand Design. Hawking tells us that his book will give `new answers to the ultimate questions of life’. One would have expected a treatment of whence and who and what and why we are. Hawking fails calamitously to give us any light whatsoever on these surely-central philosophical topics. He eliminates from serious consideration what must be the central feature of any Grand Design: explaining the self-conscious, rational, scientific, logical, philosophizing, theologizing, artistic, musical, literary, remembering, planning, loving, hating, altruistic, selfish, moral, immoral, peak-of-creation human being. With a wave of the hand, he dismisses any possibility that mankind is “More than Matter” (to use the title of a 2010 book by Keith Ward). On page 181, in the last paragraph of the book, Hawking says: “We human beings … are ourselves mere collections of fundamental particles of nature.” This is a totally unfounded declaration of faith in materialism which, like `self-creation out of nothing’ which he advocates, Hawking cannot support by any proof. On this point, Hawking is simply totally dismissive. For him, `we’ (I must assume that he means humankind) are of no real importance. What matters for him are multiverses and quarks, not human beings.Hawking says (p. 5, his first page of text) that people have always asked “How can we understand the world in which we find ourselves? How does the universe behave? What is the nature of reality? Where did all this come from? Did the universe need a creator?” He goes on immediately: “Traditionally these are questions for philosophy, BUT PHILOSOPHY IS DEAD (my emphasis). Philosophy has not kept up with modern developments in science, particularly physics”. But on the contrary, Keith Ward says: “People really want to know if the natural sciences are the only ways of finding out the truth, and if there is any way of reasonably resolving the ethical dilemmas that modern medicine puts before us” (p. 188).For Wittgenstein and Ayer, the shooting stars of Kenny’s volume 4, what matters is not human nature, nor even multiverses or quarks, but logic and language-games.I emphasize that the seminal book of Wittgenstein (1889-1951), the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, was published in 1921, when Wittgenstein was 32, but had been thought out much earlier; and the equally influential Language, Truth and Logic of Ayer (1910-1989) appeared in 1936. These are immature, limited, self-centred and self-sourced thoughts of young men, not developments from standing on the shoulders of great predecessors.Why should I listen to Wittgenstein or A J Ayer?On Wittgenstein, I quote Kenny: “Philosophy can do very little for us. What it can do, however, had been done once for all by the Tractatus – or so Wittgenstein believed. With perfect consistency, having published the book he gave up philosophy and took up a number of more humdrum jobs” (Philosophy in the Modern World (Vol. 4, p. 58). Again, “After his return to philosophy Wittgenstein abandoned many of the theses of the Tractatus….. In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein came to believe, he had grossly oversimplified the relation between language and the world… This, he now thought, was a great mistake … he coined the expression `language-game'” (ibid., pp. 60f). In his chapter on Metaphysics, when discussing Wittgenstein, Kenny seems to concentrate again mostly on language. Kenny says: “These dense pages [on objects and facts and states of affairs] of the Tractatus are difficult to understand … Commentators have offered widely varying interpretations: for some, objects are sense-data, for others, they are universals” (p. 183f). “The Tractatus is one of the most metaphysical works ever written: its likeness to Spinoza’s Ethics is no coincidence. Yet it was taken as a bible by one of the most anti-metaphysical groups of philosophers, the Vienna Circle … they … employed the verification principle as a weapon that enabled them to dismiss all metaphysical statements as meaningless” (p. 187)I must ask: are `all metaphysical statements meaningless’, or: are all of Wittgenstein’s statements meaningless? Also, in my review (q.v.) of Fergus Kerr’s book, Theology after Wittgenstein, I examine at length the claims made for the importance of religion in Wittgenstein’s works, and find these claims totally dismissible. On this point, see Kenny, p. 316: “The logical positivists shared the view [of the followers of Wittgenstein] that religious language was nonsense; but they felt for it none of the paradoxical respect accorded it by Wittgenstein”.On A J Ayer, I quote Lord Quinton, from a Review of A J Ayer on a 2010 website (see google).”In the massive range of his publications between 1933 and his death in 1989 there is nothing whatever about ancient philosophy or an ancient philosopher, not even a book review. His mind seems to have been fully fixed and matured by his early twenties. His initial and, to a large extent, lasting preoccupation with the theory of knowledge never led him to reflect seriously on Plato’s Theaetetus or Protagoras…….”There was a certain narrowness to Ayer’s mind which focused it sharply and contributed to its force. His lack of interest in ancient philosophy, which has just been mentioned, was part of a general indifference to the history of the subject. In practice he treated it as a contemporary phenomenon, or, at any rate, as a twentieth-century one. Hume and Mill he took seriously. … For the most part the philosophers whose work commanded his attention were active when he was: Russell, Moore, Wittgenstein, Ramsey, Price, Carnap, C. I. Lewis, Quine, Goodman. Opponents, to the marginal extent in which he took explicit notice of them, were also contemporary: Broad, Ewing, Austin…..”His interests were restricted in space as well as in time, being mainly confined to the English-speaking world and to the Vienna of the 1930s. ……..”A further limitation, a little less conspicuous, was in the range of philosophical fields or topics on which he worked. Theory of knowledge was first and foremost, and, within it, the philosophy of perception in particular, but also our knowledge of the past and of other minds. Beside that he addressed himself at length to philosophical logic (the nature of necessity at first and later to reference, identity, truth, existence, negation, and the nature of individuals), the philosophy of mind (personal identity, the ownership of experiences), probability and induction, ethics (in a very generalised and schematic fashion), and the issue of the freedom of the will. He was not a practitioner of formal logic or, to any marked extent, of the philosophy of science, apart from essays on laws of nature and the direction of causation.”He had very little to say about the more concrete or human parts of philosophy: nothing on the philosophy of history, or of law, or of art, or of education. His only contribution to political philosophy until his very late book on Thomas Paine was a lecture on philosophy and politics which he delivered in 1965….”He was a philosopher of religion only in the sense that a dynamiter is an architect.”These limitations are by no means peculiar to Ayer among philosophers of this century. There are, indeed, more extreme cases, although G. E. Moore is perhaps the only example of comparable eminence. Ayer is very different in this respect from his hero and model, the gloriously omnicompetent Bertrand Russell. Nevertheless, the fields he cultivated were the most philosophically fertile of his epoch, in part, no doubt because of his work in them, and the philosophers to whom he gave his attention were those who pre-eminently deserved it.” I have been puzzled as to how to rate this book of Kenny’s. I have a problem with books surveying religion and philosophy. If they accurately reflect the views of the scholars who are being reviewed, then a high rating seems to be called for. But if these surveys do not strongly enough comment on the value of the views being surveyed, then I mark down my rating, because such books do not deserve to be read, if they might lead the non-discerning reader to think that the views being surveyed are worthy of being accepted. For this reason I heavily mark down Kenny’s book, to 2-star only. He seems to be in some kind of agreement with much of the nonsense of the philosophers he reviews.I hope that I will be forgiven for not commenting on one after another of Kenny’s philosophers. I can only say that I found very little to interest me, or which I could live by, in most of the others. See the index, for Anscombe, Bentham, Descartes, Engels, Feuerbach, Frege, Freud, Hegel, Heidegger, Hume, Husserl, William James, Kant, Kierkegaard, Marx, Mill, Newman, Nietzsche, Pierce, Quine, Russell, Sartre, Schopenhauer,I look to learn from philosophy `whence and who and what and why we are’. To those who help me here, I say `thank you’.But I will end with a delicious poem which I saw quoted only two days ago, in the obituary of the respected though controversial English poet Christopher Logue (1926-2011). He wrote it in the 1980s as a contribution to `poems from the common man’ which the London Underground was publishing on the Tube trains:”Last night in London AirportI saw a wooden binLabelled UNWANTEDLITERATUREIS TO BE PLACED HEREINSo I wrote a poemAnd popped it in.”It would not have been a misfortune for the world of philosophy, if that had been the fate of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and of Language, Truth and Logic.Just AFTER writing this I came across another commentator on Language, Truth and Logic who said that logical positivism has now so far fallen out of favour among philosophers that “it should now be consigned to the dustbin of history”.<<<<< Added on 15th Jan. 2012 >>>>>>Let A J Ayer have the last word himself. He says, in an article [‘The Existence of the Soul’] published posthumously in an anthology in 1998 [‘Great thinkers on Great Questions’], 62 years after the publishing of ‘Language, Truth and Logic’:”Logical positivism died a long time ago. I don’t think much of ‘Language, Truth and Logic’ is true. I think it is full of mistakes. I think it was an important book in its time because it had a kind of cathartic effect. … But when you get down to detail, I think it’s full of mistakes which I spent the last fifty years correcting or trying to correct.”This is quoted as it appears on pages xiv,xv in the book ‘There is a God’ [2007] by Antony Flew . The first three sentences are again quoted [on page 58] in Edgar Andrews’s book ‘Who Made God?; Searching for a Theory of Everything’ [EP Books, UK and USA, 2009, much reprinted].’Bene cucurrit A J Ayer, sed extra viam’ – A J Ayer ran well, and had a lot of fun, but he conceded that he talked mostly nonsense in his seminal book, and thereby led astray generation after generation of other wasted philosophical lives. `Cathartic’ to what purpose?

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